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Increased physiological dead space refers to the portion of the respiratory system where ventilation occurs but no gas exchange is taking place, meaning that the air in these areas is not effectively participating in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. When physiological dead space increases, the efficiency of gas exchange diminishes because less of the inhaled air is available to participate in the crucial exchange of gases in the alveoli, where this process normally occurs.

This inefficiency can lead to lower oxygen levels in the bloodstream and inadequate removal of carbon dioxide, ultimately affecting the overall oxygen delivery to tissues and organs. Conditions that can cause increased physiological dead space include pulmonary embolism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and certain types of lung damage.

Understanding this concept is important in the context of respiratory physiology, as it directly affects a patient’s respiratory status and can indicate underlying pathophysiological processes.